{"id":5446,"date":"2025-02-27T20:24:46","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T17:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nefkrcenter.org\/kadiriyye\/"},"modified":"2025-07-21T22:50:55","modified_gmt":"2025-07-21T19:50:55","slug":"kadiriyye","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nefkrcenter.org\/en\/kadiriyye\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00e2diriyye"},"content":{"rendered":"

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A Mysterious Qadir\u00ee Sheikh, Edhem Efendi of Plovdiv<\/h2>\n Edhem Efendi personally attended to the spiritual education of Hat\u00eece Cenan Han\u0131m and Ken\u2019\u00e2n Rif\u00e2\u00ee. He was a Qadir\u00ee sheikh residing in Plovdiv with no official position as a lodge sheikh. After the Bulgarian uprising, he was appointed as an officer at the Istanbul Emin\u00f6n\u00fc Post Office Department.<\/p>\n

Sources describe him as a melih\u00fc\u2019l-vech (handsome-faced) figure. Nezihe Araz paints a mysterious Sufi portrait when describing Edhem Efendi of Plovdiv. According to narratives, Edhem Efendi was passionate, blessed, and secretive, traits that recall \u015eems-i Tebr\u00eez\u00ee.<\/strong><\/p>\n

In Rif\u00e2\u00ee\u2019s narration, Edhem Efendi is a perfect person in whom the character of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is hidden in essence. Always engaged in the remembrance of God, shedding tears whenever God\u2019s name is mentioned, Edhem Efendi is described by Rif\u00e2\u00ee as a content, noble, and generous personality.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Qadir\u00ee Spiritual Path and Discipline<\/h2>\n The year 1889-90, when Ken\u2019\u00e2n Rif\u00e2\u00ee began working at Ma\u00e2rif, can be considered the period when he affiliated with Sufism. Just before starting his duty in Bal\u0131kesir, he entered the spiritual training of Edhem Efendi of Plovdiv.<\/strong> Edhem Efendi accompanied him to Bal\u0131kesir.<\/p>\n

Examining Ken\u2019\u00e2n Rif\u00e2\u00ee\u2019s spiritual training in Bal\u0131kesir, two main aspects stand out: the Qadir\u00ee path (sul\u00fbk) and discipline (riy\u00e2zet). Under the supervision of his guide, Edhem Efendi of Plovdiv, Rif\u00e2\u00ee completed his spiritual journey while adhering to a diet consisting only of dry bread and olives.<\/strong> Discipline not only accelerated his spiritual growth but also aimed to strengthen him against the harsh conditions he would face throughout his life.<\/p>\n

While in Bal\u0131kesir, by order of his sheikh, Ken\u2019\u00e2n Rif\u00e2\u00ee began ney practice and musical training. According to available information, he made rapid progress in both.<\/strong> Rif\u00e2\u00ee expressed his spiritual experience during this period with the words, \u201cI increasingly realized that I was new to the world and that there was much to learn and know, and that what I knew until then was only a mere envelope.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

After completing his spiritual guidance duty to Hat\u00eece Cenan Han\u0131m and Ken\u2019\u00e2n Rif\u00e2\u00ee, Edhem Efendi received a sign that he would pass away and subsequently departed from this world at the age of forty-five.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Qadiriyya<\/h2>\n The first and most widespread Sufi order in the Islamic world attributed to Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee (d. 561\/1165-66).
\nBorn in G\u00eel\u00e2n (Geyl\u00e2n) and educated in religious sciences in Baghdad before turning to Sufism, Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee\u2019s role as a teacher and preacher helped his ideas gain wide recognition and acceptance. The Qadiriyya order spread throughout the Islamic world, especially in Iraq.
\nThe arrival of Qadiriyya in Anatolia occurred in the 15th century through E\u015frefo\u011flu R\u00fbm\u00ee, who received spiritual succession from H\u00fcseyin el-Hamev\u00ee, a descendant of Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee. It gained widespread influence especially in Istanbul, Anatolia, and the Balkans.
\nIn his will, Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee advised his son to adhere strictly to religious commands and prohibitions and to be pious. He stated that the order is based on the Book and the Sunnah; that inner peace, generosity, abundant charity, endurance of all hardships, and helping the troubles of brothers are the principles of this path. The Qadiriyya has five fundamental rules: elevate determination, avoid the forbidden, beautify service, increase perseverance, and respect blessings.
\nUnlike the Arab-origin branches of Qadiriyya, its branches in Turkey place great importance on the symbolism of the order. There are several types of Qadir\u00ee crowns decorated with order symbols. The most famous is the crown with a tall, pointed dome known as the Baghdad or Cel\u00e2l\u00ee mustache crown.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The Qadir\u00ee Seal and the Qadir\u00ee Rose<\/h2>\n The symbolic meaning of the Qadir\u00ee seal and the Qadir\u00ee rose, the most important emblem of the Qadir\u00ee crown, traces back to Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee. It is narrated that when Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee arrived in Baghdad one winter day, the city\u2019s saints sent him a bowl filled with water or milk, implying, \u201cWe are like the contents of this bowl, this water\/milk surrounds the city just as we do.\u201d The Great Pir replied fittingly by returning the bowl with a fresh rose placed inside, symbolizing, \u201cYou may be the water\/milk in this bowl, but I am the rose within it.\u201d <\/em>After this event, the saints of Baghdad recognized him as the Sheikh of Sheikhs. Since then, the Qadir\u00ee rose has been used in various places.<\/em><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Spiritual Journey in the Qadiriyya Order<\/h2>\n In the Qadiriyya order, the spiritual journey (seyr\u00fcs\u00fcl\u00fbk) is carried out by reciting the seven names of God (esm\u00e2-i seb\u2018a), as in all other esoteric orders. The essential names are L\u00e2 il\u00e2he illallah, Allah, H\u00fb, Hayy, V\u00e2hid, Az\u00eez, Ved\u00fbd; the derivative names are Hak, Kahh\u00e2r, Kayy\u00fbm, Vehh\u00e2b, M\u00fcheymin. Each essential name is recited a certain number of times corresponding to one of the seven stages of the nafs (self): (emm\u00e2re, levv\u00e2me, m\u00fclhime, mutmainne, r\u00e2ziye, marziyye, k\u00e2mile).<\/p>\n

Lessons and daily litanies (vird) are duties that the dervish must perform alone at specific times throughout their spiritual education. These duties vary according to the dervish\u2019s rank and become more demanding as the rank increases.<\/p>\n

A seeker (s\u00e2lik) can only complete the stage of his journey under the supervision of his guide (m\u00fcr\u015fid) and, with permission, move to the next stage. Depending on his aptitude and capacity, he may surpass all stages to reach the rank of perfect self (nefs-i k\u00e2mile) or remain stuck at a certain stage.<\/p>\n

Qadiriyya members recite daily litanies such as Hizb\u00fc\u2019l-Ibtih\u00e2l, Hizb\u00fc\u2019s-S\u00fcry\u00fbniyye, Fethu\u2019l-Be\u015f\u00e2ir, Hizb\u00fc\u2019l-Fethiyye, and Hizb\u00fc\u2019t-Temc\u00eed after obligatory prayers. These were established by Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee. In addition, other prayers and litanies composed by Abd\u00fclk\u0101dir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee, such as Kibr\u00eet\u00fc\u2019l-Ahmer, Sal\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019l-K\u00fcbr\u00e2, Hizb\u00fc\u2019n-Nasr, and various salawats, are recited on special occasions.<\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Practices in Qadiriyya Suluk<\/h2>\n Istig\u00e2se<\/strong> is the request for help; a plea for assistance from the spiritual presence of Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee Hazretleri when needed.<\/p>\n

Tevecc\u00fch<\/strong> is the mutual affectionate turning of the sheikh and the dervish toward each other.<\/p>\n

Mur\u00e2kabe<\/strong> means to watch and observe; it is the state of being fully aware that one is under God\u2019s supervision.<\/p>\n

R\u00e2b\u0131ta<\/strong> is connection and attachment; it means the dervish mentally visualizes the image of his sheikh and hopes to receive spiritual grace.<\/p>\n

R\u00fcya<\/strong> is the observation of certain objects and events seen during sleep or waking moments and their interpretation by informing the sheikh.<\/p>\n

Halvet and Uzlet<\/strong> are practices of seclusion to be with God, emphasizing distancing oneself from people. Practically, under the supervision of a sheikh, it involves spending a period in isolation away from the outside world, eating and drinking little, and not seeing anyone to prepare for divine manifestations, spiritual discovery, and knowledge.<\/p>\n

Since the early Sufis, hunger has been an essential method in the spiritual training of dervishes. The motif also appears in stories about Abd\u00fclkadir-i Geyl\u00e2n\u00ee. E\u015frefo\u011flu R\u00fbm\u00ee states that eating less weakens the nafs, thus stopping its control over the body and allowing the mind to dominate. According to E\u015frefo\u011flu, hunger is wakefulness; in the Sharia, eating after the stomach is full is forbidden, but in the path, the dervish should stop eating before feeling full. If hunger becomes severe enough to hinder worship, one meal is permitted, but more is forbidden. The essential thing for the dervish is to avoid eating before hunger reaches its peak.<\/p>\n

References:<\/p>\n

This article was published in the 24th volume of the TDV Islamic Encyclopedia, Istanbul, 2001, pages 131-136.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Doctoral Thesis; THE QADIRI ORDER: THE HALISIYYE BRANCH, Mikail DUMLU, p.28<\/em><\/p>\n

Master\u2019s Thesis; ETIQUETTE AND CEREMONIES IN QADIRIYYA (E\u015eREF\u0130YYER\u00dbM\u0130YYE), \u015eEVKET \u015eAH\u0130N \u00d6ZEN, p.124.<\/em><\/span>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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